Thaïlande, le pays du sourire
C’est en fouillant sur Internet que j’ai découvert l’enceinte en bois de manguier (https://www.mangobeat.fr/) :
- sa base en bois est issue de la culture responsable des manguiers ;
- la transformation du rondin en une enceinte naturelle est effectuée par des acteurs locaux qui vivent désormais de leur travail.
Et c’est en Thaïlande, le pays du sourire, que les artisans transforment le rondin en amplificateur naturel.
La Thaïlande fait rêver. Et si vous découvriez son histoire, son art, des rencontres, des expériences à partager… ?
Alors, préparez votre voyage.
Pour la première partie de ce carnet, ouvrez l’atlas pour situer la Thaïlande et imprégniez vous de son histoire lors de la visite des sites majeurs.
L’atlas de la Thaïlande
La Thaïlande est bordée par la Birmanie au nord-ouest, le Laos au nord, le Cambodge à l’est et la Malaisie au sud. Le pays s’étend sur environ 805 km d’est en ouest et 1 770 km du nord au sud.
Sa population compte 68 millions d’habitants, essentiellement concentrée dans et autour de sa capitale.
Les thaï vénèrent le roi Rama X à la tête d’une monarchie constitutionnelle parlementaire.
Voici quelques indicateurs économiques (2020) :
- PIB : 540 milliards USD (2 700 en France)
- RNB par habitant : 6 200 USD (33 500 USD en France)
- Taux de croissance du PIB : 5,0 %
- Monnaie : Bath (1 USD = 31,8 THB)
Les investissements japonais, dans les années 80, propulsent le pays dans une nouvelle ère industrielle. La Thaïlande rejoint alors le clan des ‘tigres asiatiques’ avec la Malaisie, l’Indonésie, le Vietnam et les Philippines. Une poussée économique qui favorise le développement de la capitale.
Bangkok, ville de 19 millions d’habitants, offre un contraste surprenant. Le paysage urbain ultramoderne côtoie des communautés tranquilles, au bord des canaux, et les emblématiques temples, symboles de son histoire.
Lors de votre séjour touristique, autre pilier de l’économie, vous découvrirez ses plages tropicales, ses palais royaux opulents, ses ruines anciennes et ses temples richement ornés.
En effet, les destinations de votre voyage sont nombreuses pour un dépaysement assuré. Visitez les fondements de l’histoire, au nord, l’artisanat, les modes de vie ou profitez du climat tropical et de l’eau a 28° dans le golf de Thaïlande ou en mer d’Andaman.
Les points clés de l’Histoire de la Thaïlande
C’est en 1967, à Ban Chiang au nord-est du pays, qu’ont été découverts les vestiges d’une culture inconnue datant de l’âge de bronze (4000 à 2500 ans av. J.-C.).
Les habitants de ce site avaient développé des outils de bronze et commencé la culture du riz en rizière, prémices d’une société organisée. Des sépultures et un grand nombre de poteries peintes et objets en bronze plus tardifs ont été mis au jour.
Les ethnies Môn, Khmere et Malaise ont occupé la région avant l’arrivée des peuples Thai depuis le sud de la Chine.
Sukhothaï devient la capitale du premier royaume thaïlandais suzerain. Il parvient à préserver son indépendance de 1250 jusqu’au XVe siècle après s’être affranchi de la tutelle khmère. En 1378, Sukhothaï devient tributaire de l’État d’Ayutthaya.
Le royaume de Sukhothaï (XIIIe – XVIe siècle)
En 1238, affranchis de la domination Khmères les chefs de clan thaï de Sukhotaï élisent un roi dont le fils, Ramkhamhaeng, (Rama le Hardi) est connu grâce à une inscription datée de 1292. Cette inscription sur la stèle du Roi est considérée comme la première constitution thaïlandaise et, pour les Thaï, l’acte fondateur de leur nation.
Le pouvoir de Sukhothai décline à la mort de Ramkhamhaeng, au bénéfice du royaume d’Ayuthaya.
Imaginez le faste d’antan mais aussi la vie des habitants et les guerres entre royaumes à travers les sites que vous visitez.
Le royaume d’Ayutthaya (XIVe – XVIIIe siècle)
Le premier souverain d’Ayutthaya apporte deux contributions importantes à l’histoire de la Thaïlande :
- l’établissement et la promotion du bouddhisme comme religion officielle
- la création d’un code légal basé sur des sources hindoues et des coutumes thaïes traditionnelles. Il constituera un instrument de la loi thaïe jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle.
Dès le XVIe siècle, Ayutthaya développe des contacts avec les Portugais avant de se tourner, jusqu’à la fin du XVIIIe siècle, vers les nations voisines comme l’Inde et la Chine.
Le territoire s’entend alors du nord de la péninsule Malaise aux États du nord de la Thaïlande.
Face à lui, le royaume de Lanna, controlé par les Birmans, lance plusieurs tentatives d’invasion et conquièrent la ville, annonçant sa chute.
La période de Bangkok, Thonburi (1768-1932)
Après plus de 400 ans de puissance, le royaume d’Ayutthaya est conquis par les armées birmanes, sa capitale incendiée et son territoire démembré.
Le général Taksin parvient à réunifier le Siam à partir de sa nouvelle capitale de Thonburi et se fait proclamer roi en 1769. Il mène plusieurs offensives visant à chasser les Birmans. Pourtant, il est déclaré fou, dépossédé de son titre, emprisonné et exécuté en 1782.
C’est le général Chakri qui lui succède en 1782. Il fonde alors une nouvelle capitale, Bangkok, en face de Thonburi. La dynastie Chakri règne encore çà ce jour sur les destinées du royaume.
Mais les menaces colonisatrices européennes apparaissent. Elles se traduisent par la volonté de soumettre et de se partager l’Asie du Sud Est. Au cours du XIXe siècles, le Siam recule face à deux puissances européennes : le Royaume-Uni et la France. Le roi Rama IV signe alors d’importants traités commerce pour éviter toute incursion militaire.
Dès 1905, sous le règne de Rama V, la Thaïlande connait un véritable virage social et économique avec l’abolition de l’esclavage et la construction du chemin de fer. Pourtant, à la fin de sa vie, il cède des territoires à l’Indochine française (le Laos en 1893 et le Cambodge en 1907) et à la Birmanie anglaise (états de la péninsule malaise).
Dans les années 30, la grande dépression touche le pays: le prix du riz, principale recette d’exportation, est divisé par trois. La période connait des troubles financiers et politiques que le roi ne peut enrayer. Il est contraint d’abdiquer au profit d’une monarchie parlementaire.
Et après ce résumé d’histoire de la Thaïlande?
Vous connaissez maintenant les points clé de l’histoire qui vous permettront de comprendre la culture Thaïlandaise.
Refermez l’atlas et le livre d’histoire.
Laissez vous emporter. Et si vous alliez plus loin?
Pas d’inquiétude!
Nous préparons votre prochain voyage. Avec Lamaï, votre guide, vous vous projetterez dans les méandres d’une culture centenaire.
Prét pour la suite du voyage? Découvrez la culture, les arts et l’artisanat.
La Thaïlande vaut le déplacement, pas seulement pour ses sites balnéaires réputés.
Par exemple, un circuit dans le nord est particulièrement intéressant.
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